A Brazilian regional basic diet-induced chronic malnutrition drives liver inflammation with higher ApoA-I activity in C57BL6J mice

Malnutrition is still considered endemic in many developing countries. Malnutrition-enteric infections may cause lasting deleterious effects on lipid metabolism, especially in children living in poor settings. The regional basic diet (RBD), produced to mimic the Brazilian northeastern dietary characteristics (rich in carbohydrate and low in protein) has been used in experimental malnutrition models, but few studies have explored the effect of chronic RBD on liver function, a central organ involved in cholesterol metabolism. This study aimed to investigate whether RBD leads to liver inflammatory changes and altered reverse cholesterol metabolism in C57BL6/J mice compared to the control group, receiving a standard chow diet. To evaluate liver inflammation, ionized calcium-binding adapter protein-1 (IBA-1) positive cell counting, interleukin (IL)-1β immunohistochemistry, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-10 transcription levels were analyzed. In addition, we assessed reverse cholesterol transport by measuring liver apolipoprotein (Apo)E, ApoA-I, and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) by RT-PCR. Furthermore, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was measured to assess liver function. RBD markedly impaired body weight gain compared with the control group (P<0.05). Higher hepatic TNF-α (P<0.0001) and IL-10 (P=0.001) mRNA levels were found in RBD-challenged mice, although without detectable non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Marked IBA-1 immunolabeling and increased number of positive-IBA-1 cells were found in the undernourished group. No statistical difference in serum ALT was found. There was also a significant increase in ApoA mRNA expression in the undernourished group, but not ApoE and LCAT, compared with the control. Altogether our findings suggested that chronic RBD-induced malnutrition leads to liver inflammation with increased ApoA-I activity.

The role of maximum compressed thickness of the quadriceps femoris muscle measured by ultrasonography in assessing nutritional risk in critically-ill patients with different volume statuses

SUMMARY PURPOSE In this prospective observational study, we aimed to investigate the role of the maximum compressed (MC) and uncompressed (UC) thickness of the quadriceps femoris muscle (QFMT) measured by ultrasonography (USG) in the detection of nutritional risk in intensive care patients (ICPs) with different volume status. METHODS 55 patients were included. Right, left, and total ucQFMT and mcQFMT measurements were obtained by a standard USG device within the first 48 hours after ICU admission. Clinical examination and the USG device were used to determine the volume status of the patients. SOFA, APACHE II, modified NUTRIC scores, and demographic data were collected. RESULTS There was a significant difference between the nutritional risk of patients in terms of left, right, and total mcQFMT measurements (p=0.025, p=0.039; p=0.028, respectively), mechanical ventilation requirement (p=0.014), presence of infection (p=0.019), and sepsis (p=0.006). There was no significant difference between different volume statuses in terms of mcQFMT measurements. In the multi-variance analysis, mcQFMT measurements were found to be independently associated with high nutritional risk (p=0.019, Exp(B)=0.256, 95%CI=0.082-0.800 for modified NUTRIC score ≥ 5), and higher nutritional risk (p=0.009, Exp(B)=0.144, 95%CI=0.033-0.620 for modified NUTRIC score ≥ 6). a Total mcQFMT value below 1.36 cm was a predictor for higher nutritional risk with 79% sensitivity and 70% specificity (AUC=0.749, p=0.002, likelihood ratio=2.04). CONCLUSION Ultrasonographic measurement of total mcQFMT can be used as a novel nutritional risk assessment parameter in medical ICPs with different volume statuses. Thus, patients who could benefit from aggressive nutritional therapy can be easily identified in these patient groups.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Neste estudo observacional prospectivo, objetivamos investigar o papel da espessura do músculo quadríceps femoral (QFMT) comprimido (mc) e não comprimido (uc) medida pela ultrassonografia (USG) na detecção do risco nutricional em pacientes de terapia intensiva (ICPs) com status de volume diferente. MÉTODOS Cinquenta e cinco pacientes foram incluídos. As medidas direita, esquerda e total de ucQFMT e mcQFMT foram obtidas por um dispositivo USG padrão nas primeiras 48 horas após a admissão na UTI. O exame clínico e o dispositivo USG foram usados para determinar o status volumétrico dos pacientes. Sofa, Apache II, escores Nutric modificados e dados demográficos foram coletados. RESULTADOS Houve diferença significativa entre o risco nutricional dos pacientes em termos de medidas da QTFMT esquerda, direita e total (p=0,025, p=0,039; p=0,028, respectivamente), necessidade de ventilação mecânica (p=0,014), presença de infecção (p=0,019) e sepse (p=0,006). Não houve diferença significativa entre os diferentes status de volume em termos de medidas de mcQFMT. Na análise de variância múltipla, verificou-se que as medidas da FCFMT estavam independentemente associadas a alto risco nutricional (p=0,019, Exp (B)=0,256, 95%CI=0,082-0,800 para escore Nutric modificado ≥ 5) e maior risco nutricional (p=0,009, Exp (B)=0,144, 95%CI=0,033-0,620 para o escore Nutric modificado ≥ 6). O valor total de mcQFMT abaixo de 1,36 cm foi um preditor de maior risco nutricional com sensibilidade de 79% e especificidade de 70% (ASC=0,749, p=0,002, razão de verossimilhança = 2,04). CONCLUSÃO A medida ultrassonográfica do mcQFMT total pode ser usada como um novo parâmetro de avaliação de risco nutricional em ICPs médicas com diferentes status de volume. Assim, pacientes que podem se beneficiar de uma terapia nutricional agressiva podem ser facilmente identificados nesses grupos de pacientes.

Maternal malnutrition diet during lactation period leads to incomplete catch-up growth in femur of the pups at adulthood / Restricción alimentaria materna durante la lactancia conduce a la recuperación del crecimiento incompleto en el fémur de las crías en la edad adulta

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of maternal protein and energy restriction during lactation, analyzing on morphological dimensions whether there was catch-up growth through normative nutrition restored, as well as on mechanical axis of femur of the offspring at adulthood. At parturition, Wistar rat dams were randomly assigned to the following groups: 1) control group (C) - free access to a standard laboratory diet containing 23 % protein, 2) protein-energy restricted group (PER) - free access to an isoenergetic, protein-restricted diet containing 8 % protein, and 3) energy-restricted group (ER) ­ fed with restricted amounts of a standard laboratory diet. At weaning, all pups were separated of dams and received free access to a standard laboratory diet containing 23 % protein until 180 days, when the rats were anesthetized and sacrificed. The dimensions of excised pup femur were measured directly using pre-established anatomical points. Morphometric analysis of the femur (macroscopic) showed that most of the measurements in the ER and PER groups were significantly lower than in the control group, with the greatest reductions occurring in the PER group and several structural abnormalities. Our results show that protein and energy restriction during lactation leads to an incomplete catch-up growth in adulthood. The femur showed significant reduction in most of the parameters in the two treated groups, particularly the PER group, when compared to the control group.

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de la restricción de la proteína materna y de energía durante la lactancia, y analizar las dimensiones morfológicas si hubo recuperación del crecimiento a través de la nutrición normativa restaurada, así como en el eje mecánico del fémur de la descendencia en la edad adulta. En el parto, las crías de ratas Wistar fueron agrupadas aleatoriamente en los siguientes grupos: 1) control (C) - con acceso libre a una dieta estándar del laboratorio, que contenía 23 % de proteínas; 2) con restricción de proteínas y energía (PER) - acceso libre a una dieta isoenergética, con restricción de proteínas, conteniendo un 8 % de éstas y 3) grupo con restricción de energía, alimentado con restricción en la cantidad de alimento de la dieta estándar del laboratorio (ER). Al destete, todas las crías fueron separadas y recibieron las dietas establecidas hasta los 180 días (d180), luego fueron anestesiadas y sacrificadas. Las mediciones de los fémures de las crías de rata fueron obtenidas por puntos anatómicos preestablecidos. El análisis morfométrico de fémur demostró que la mayoría de las mediciones en los grupos ER y PER eran significativamente menores que las del grupo control, con mayores reducciones en el grupo PER. Nuestros resultados muestran que las restricciones de energía y proteínas durante la lactancia conducen a una recuperación del crecimiento incompleto en la edad adulta. El fémur mostró una reducción significativa en la mayoría de los parámetros en los dos grupos tratados, en particular el grupo de PER, en comparación con el grupo control.

Tuberculosis: características epidemiológicas en un hospital tipo IV / Tuberculosis: epidemiological characteristics in a type IV hospital

La tuberculosis (TB) es un problema de salud pública. Analizar la epidemiologia de la tuberculosis en los últimos 10 años. Se diseñó un estudio de casos, descriptivo y analítico, observacional, transversal y retrospectivo en una muestra no probabilística, que incluye 100% de las historias de pacientes mayores de 14 años de edad, de cualquier sexo, con diagnóstico de TB en cualquiera de sus formas clínicas, atendidos en el Hospital General del Oeste, Dr. José Gregorio Hernández, de Caracas, durante el periodo comprendido entre enero de 2004 y diciembre 2013, divididos en dos grupos de 5 años consecutivos denominados A y B. Se analizaron 475 historias médicas, correspondientes a 241 pacientes del grupo A y 234 del B. La edad promedio del grupo total fue 38,97 ± 15,97 con un predominio del género masculino en 60.6%. La mayor parte de la muestra fueron personas que provienen de Caracas en ambos grupos. El estrato socioeconómico fue predominantemente IV de la clasificación de Graffar y representó el 41% en el grupo A y a 73,9% en el B con diferencia estadísticamente significativa. Se identificaron14, 1% y 19,7% de pacientes con enfermedad relacionada con el VIH en los Grupos A y B. Pocos sujetos tenían enfermedades debilitantes crónicas predisponentes y la más importante fue la desnutrición que duplicó la frecuencia en el grupo B (26,5%) vs (12%) en el A , estadísticamente significativa. La radiología de tórax fue el método más utilizado. En el Grupo A recibieron Prueba Terapéutica 52 pacientes mientras que en grupo B, 70. El grupo representó tuberculosis pulmonar en 71,78% para el grupo A y 68,37% para el B: el resto fue en diversas localizaciones extra pulmonares donde predominaron la pleura y los ganglios. Se cumplió la meta terapéutica en 77,1% de grupo A y 80.36% del grupo B y los restantes en ambos grupos correspondieron al abandono de tratamiento o fallecimiento. La desnutrición fue muy importante en el grupo de estudio reciente y el VIH se mantuvo...

Tuberculosis is a public health problem. To analyze the epidemiology of tuberculosis in the last 10 years. A case study, descriptive and analytical, observational, cross-sectional and retrospective in a non random sample, which includes 100% of the records of patients over 14 years of age, of any gender, diagnosed with TB in any one of its clinical forms, treated in the Hospital Dr. José Gregorio Hernández, Caracas, during the period between January 2004 and December 2013 divided in two groups of 4 consecutive years called A and B. 475 medical records were analyzed corresponding to 241 patients in group A and 234 in B. The average age of the total group was 38.97 ± 15.97 with a predominance of the male gender in 60.6%. The majority of the sample belonged to people coming from Caracas in both groups. Socioeconomic level classification Graffar IV was predominant and accounted for 41% in group A and 73.9% in group B with significant statistical difference. 14.1% and 19.7% of patients were identified with HIV-related in Groups A and B. Few patients had chronic debilitating diseases and malnutrition was the most important and it doubled its frequency in group B (26.5%) vs (12%) with a statistically significant difference. The chest x-ray was the most used method. In Group A, 52 patients received therapeutic test while in group B were 70. The group accounted for pulmonary tuberculosis in 71.78% in group A and 68.37% for the B: the rest were in various extrapulmonary sites where it dominated in pleura and ganglia. The therapeutic goal was fulfilled in 77, 1% of group A and 80, 36% in group B and the rest in both groups corresponded to treatment abandonment or death. Malnutrition was very important in the second study group and HIV remained with similar frequency in both groups

Validez de la cinta braquial para detección de desnutrición aguda en niñas y niños entre 6 y 59 meses de edad en escenarios de emergencias y desastres / Validating mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) measurement for detecting acute malnutrition in 6-59 month-old children in emergency and disaster situations

Objetivos Establecer la validez de resultados en medición del contorno medio del brazo CMB de menores de 6 a 59 meses utilizando la cinta braquial por agentes comunitarios en situaciones de emergencia y evaluar puntos de corte utilizados para identificar desnutrición aguda en el contexto colombiano actual. Metodología Se realizó estudio trasversal para evaluar concordancia, reproducibilidad y sensibilidad en la detección de desnutrición aguda mediante uso de cinta braquial por agente comunitario capacitado y profesional en nutrición. Se valoraron 306 menores en tres municipios en emergencia del departamento de Córdoba, Colombia. Resultados La concordancia en las mediciones por agente comunitario y profesional según Bland y Altman, fue alta con el 94 % de las medidas dentro de límites de acuerdo; la reproducibilidad de resultados utilizando el coeficiente de correlación intraclase, fue de 0.87. Por su parte, la validez de criterio calculando el área bajo la curva de ROC, la sensibilidad y la influencia de la edad de los menores en resultados de la medida del CMB, mostraron problemas en el uso de 11.5 cms como punto de corte. Conclusiones La cinta braquial, utilizada por agentes comunitarios capacitados, es fiable, tiene muy buena reproducibilidad y permite el diagnóstico rápido del estado nutricional de menores entre 6 y 59 meses en situación de emergencia. La validez de criterio, sensibilidad, influencia de la edad de los menores en resultados de la medición del CMB y mejora en la situación nutricional en Colombia, mostraron la necesidad de cambiar el punto de corte a 14 centímetros.

Objectives Validating the results of mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) measurement in 6-59 month-old children when MUAC was measured by community agents in areas where an emergency had been declared. Evaluating the cut-offs used for identifying children suffering from acute malnutrition in Colombia today. Methodology Previously trained community agents and a nutritionist carried out a cross-sectional study for evaluating MUAC agreement, reproducibility and sensitivity in detecting acute malnutrition. Three hundred and six children were assessed in three municipalities where an emergency had been declared in the Cordoba department of Colombia. Results A Bland and Altman plot gave high agreement regarding measurements taken by the community agents and the nutritionist, 94 % of the measurements coming within the agreement limits. The intra-class correlation coefficient gave 0.87 reproducibility; however, validating the criterion for calculating the area below the ROC curve, sensitivity and the impact of the children's age on MUAC measurements highlighted problems in using 11.5 centimeters as the cut-off. Conclusions MUAC measurement was reliable, had good reproducibility and led to rapid diagnosis of nourishment status in 6-59 month-old children living in areas where an emergency had been declared. Validating the criterion, sensitivity, the impact of the children's age on MUAC measurement results and improved nourishment status concerning children aged less than 5 years old in Colombia highlighted the need for changing the current cut-off and using 14 centimeters instead.

Desnutrição materna durante a lactação em ratos Wistar: efeitos sobre as fibras elásticas da matriz extracelular na traqueia dos filhotes / Maternal malnutrition during lactation in Wistar rats: effects on elastic fibers of the extracellular matrix in the trachea of offspring

OBJETIVO: Investigar os efeitos da desnutrição proteica materna durante a lactação sobre as fibras elásticas da traqueia de filhotes de ratos Wistar. MÉTODOS: Ao nascimento, 12 filhotes machos de duas ratas Wistar foram igualmente divididos em dois grupos: grupo controle, cuja mãe recebeu água e dieta padrão de laboratório ad libitum durante a lactação, e grupo restrição proteica (RP), cuja mãe recebeu água ad libitum e dieta isoenergética com RP (8% de proteína). Aos 21 dias de vida, os filhotes foram sacrificados, e suas traqueias foram ressecadas. As fibras elásticas foram coradas pelo método de resorcina-fucsina de Weigert (precedido de oxidação) e avaliadas sob microscopia óptica. As determinações morfométricas foram feitas por estereologia, utilizando o método de contagem de pontos, e expressas em densidade volumétrica. RESULTADOS: As fibras elásticas foram identificadas abaixo da mucosa traqueal, sendo a maioria em distribuição longitudinal. Além disso, camadas circulares bem definidas de fibras elásticas envolviam as superfícies interna e externa do anel cartilaginoso. Não houve diferenças entre os grupos quanto à organização e distribuição das fibras elásticas. A densidade volumétrica das fibras elásticas dos filhotes nos grupos controle e RP foi de, respectivamente, 2,46 ± 0,99% e 3,25 ± 1,13% (p < 0,01). CONCLUSÕES: Nossos resultados sugerem que a densidade volumétrica de fibras elásticas é maior em filhotes de ratos alimentados por fêmeas submetidas a dieta com RP do que naqueles de mães recebendo dieta normal.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of maternal protein malnutrition during lactation on the elastic fibers in the tracheas of Wistar rat pups. METHODS: At delivery, 12 male pups of two Wistar rat dams were equally divided into two groups: control, in which the dam received water and standard rat chow ad libitum during lactation; and protein-restricted (PR), in which the dam received water ad libitum and an isoenergetic PR diet (8% protein). At 21 days of age, the pups were killed and their tracheas were excised. The elastic fibers were stained with Weigert's resorcin-fuchsin (after oxidation) and evaluated under light microscopy. Morphometric determinations were performed by stereology, with the point-counting method, and expressed as volumetric densities. RESULTS: Elastic fibers, most having a longitudinal distribution, were identified beneath the tracheal mucosa. In addition, well-defined circular layers of elastic fibers were found around the inner and outer surfaces of the cartilaginous ring. There were no differences between the groups regarding the organization and distribution of the elastic fibers. The volumetric density of the elastic fibers of the pups in the control and PR groups was 2.46 ± 0.99% and 3.25 ± 1.13%, respectively (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The volumetric density of elastic fibers appears to be greater in rat pups breastfed by dams receiving a PR diet than in those breastfed by dams receiving a normal diet.

Gasto energético basal em idosos com insuficiência cardíaca / Resting energy expenditure in elderly patients with heart failure

Na insuficiência cardíaca descompensada há aumento de gasto energético basal e, frequentemente, redução do consumo alimentar, associado também ao envelhecimento. Assim, o objetivo foi verificar o consumo alimentar e o gasto energético basal em idosos com insuficiência cardíaca. Métodos: Estudo transversal com pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca congestiva descompensada, divididos em idosos (> ou igual 60 anos) e não idosos (< 60 anos). O consumo alimentar foi medido pelo método direto de pesagem e o gasto energético basal foi medido pela calorimetria indireta e foi comparado com a fórmula de Harris-Benedict. A relação entre o gasto energético basal medido pela calorimetria indireta e Harris-Benedict foi feita pelo método de Bland-Altman, p<0,05. Resultados: Foram estudados 55 pacientes, 12 idosos, 43 não idodos. A fração de ejeção nos idosos foi 26% (DP=11,45) e nos adultos de 25,2% (DP=11,2%). O gasto energético basal pela calorimetria indireta foi de 1.165 (DP=447)kcal para os idosos e 1.367(DP=532)kcal para os adultos (p=0,236). Por Harris-Benedict, o gasto enerético basal foi de 1.248 (DO=160)kcal para os idosos e de 1.372 (DP=169)kcal para os adultos (p=0,028). O consumo alimentar dos idosos foi de 1.916(DP=643)kcal e dos adultos foi de 1.910(DP=638)kcal. Houve concordância entre o gasto energético basal pela calorimetria indireta e Harris-Benedict (p=0,001;R=0,435). Conclusão: O consumo alimentar e o gasto energético basal dos idosos foram semelhantes aos dos não idosos, Houve concordância e uma correlação positiva entre a calorimetria indireta e a fórmula de Harris-Benedict.

In decompensate heart failure there is an increased resting energy expenditure and often a reduction in food intake, also associated with aging. The objective was to assess food intake and resting energy expenditure in elderly patients with heart failure. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of patients with decompensate congestive heart failure and were divided into elderly (> ou igual 60 years) and nonelderly (< 60 years). Food intake was measured by the direct method of weighing and resting enegy expenditure was measured by indirect calorimetry and was compared with the Harris-Bendict formula. The relationship between resting energy expenditure measured by indirect calorimetry and Harris-Benedict was made by a Band-Altman, p<0,05. Results: We studied 55 patients, 12 elderly, 43 nonelderly. The ejection fraction in elderly patients was 26% (SD=11,4%) of adults and 25,2%(SD==11,2%). The resting energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry was 1.165(SD=447)kcal for the elderly and 1.372(SD=532)kcal for adults(p=0,236). For the Harris-Benedict resting energy expenditure was 1.248(SD=160)kcal for the elderly and 1.372(SD=169)kcal for adults(p=0,028). The food intake of elderly was 1.916(SD=643)kcal and adults was 1.910(SD=638)kcal. There was agreement between resting energy expenditure by indirect calorimetry and Harris-Benedict (p=0,001,R=0,435). Conclusions: Dietary intake and resting expenditure of the elderly were similar to those of non-elderly. There was agreement and a positive correlation between indirect clorimetry and the Harris-Benedict formula.

Influência da violência familiar na associação entre desnutrição e baixo desenvolvimento cognitivo / Influence of domestic violence on the association between malnutrition and low cognitive development

OBJETIVO: Verificar a direção e a magnitude da associação entre desnutrição e baixo desempenho cognitivo. Além disso, avaliar a influência da violência familiar nessa relação. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo transversal em que participaram estudantes, de ambos os sexos, com idade entre 7 e 14 anos, provenientes da rede pública do ensino fundamental. O teste das matrizes progressivas de Raven foi utilizado para mensurar desenvolvimento cognitivo; as escalas táticas de conflito revisadas, para mensurar a violência familiar; e o índice de massa corporal, para diagnóstico do estado nutricional. Foram ainda obtidas informações socioeconômicas e aquelas referentes ao consumo alimentar. A desnutrição foi classificada com base no índice de massa corporal < percentil 3; o baixo nível cognitivo, nos resultados do Raven < percentil 25. Considerou-se caso de violência familiar uma resposta positiva a qualquer um dos atos de violência física grave durante os últimos 12 meses. A magnitude das associações de interesses foi expressa em razão de prevalência e respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95%. RESULTADOS: Identificou-se que 63,3% dos participantes encontravam-se com desenvolvimento intelectual abaixo da média. A desnutrição foi identificada em 9,5%. Os dados revelaram a influencia negativa da desnutrição sobre o baixo desempenho cognitivo (razão de prevalência ajustada= 1,60; intervalo de confiança de 95% = 1,01-2,52; p = 0,042), associação observada quando ajustada pela exposição a violência doméstica e idade. CONCLUSÃO: Constatou-se associação entre desnutrição e desenvolvimento intelectual abaixo da média, a qual é influenciada pela violência familiar, o que deve ser levado em consideração na abordagem do problema.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the size and direction of the association between malnutrition and low cognitive performance and to evaluate the effect of domestic violence on this association. METHODS: This cross-sectional study enrolled students of both sexes, aged 7 to 14 years old, attending public elementary schools. The Raven's Progressive Matrices Test was used to measure cognitive development, the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2), to measure domestic violence, and the body mass index (BMI) for age and sex, to define anthropometric indices. Socioeconomic data and information about food intake were also collected. Malnutrition was defined as BMI < 3rd percentile. Cognitive deficit was defined when the results of Raven's test were < 25th percentile. Family violence was defined as a positive answer in at least one item about severe physical violence in the last 12 months. The size of the associations of interest was expressed as prevalence ratio (PR) and 95% confidence interval (95%CI). RESULTS: Below-average intellectual development was found for 63.3% of the participants. Malnutrition was identified in 9.5%. Malnutrition had a negative effect on cognitive performance (adjusted prevalence ratio [:aPR]:=1.60, 95% CI = 1.01 - 2.52; p = 0.042) when adjusted for the association between exposure to domestic violence and age. CONCLUSION: The association between malnutrition and below-average intellectual development found in this study was affected by domestic violence, which must be taken into account when addressing the problem.

Nutrición enteral y parenteral en la alimentación del niño con Cáncer / Enteral and parenteral feeding in children with cancer

En muchas oportunidades, en los niños con cáncer, no se logra ofrecer toda la alimentación que el niño requiere por la boca, motivo por el cual son utilizadas algunas alternativas que han demostradas ser eficaces para evitar la malnutrición, como la nutrición enteral y la parenteral, las cuales deben ser determinadas por el pediatra o nutricionista infantl del niño. Cuando la nutrición enteral, no es suficiente, es requerida la nutrición parenteral, incluso en casa.

On many occasions, in children with cancer are not able to provide all nutrition required by the child's mouth, which is why some alternatives are used that have proven effective in preventing malnutrition, such as enteral nutrition and parenteral, which must be determined by the pediatrician or infant nutritionist. When enteral nutrition is insufficient, parenteral nutrition is required, even at home.

Malnutrición en niños colombianos con infección por VIH/SIDA / Malnutrition in Colombian children with HIV/AIDS infection

Introducción: La desnutrición (DNT) es una de las complicaciones más tempranas que se presenta en niños con infección por VIH/SIDA, asociada a su morbimortalidad. Igualmente como consecuencia de la terapia antriretroviral y otros medicamentos utilizados, se han encontrado problemas de resistencia a la insulina y obesidad. Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de malnutrición (MNT) en niños con infección por VIH/SIDA por carga viral de la Clínica de VIH/SIDA del Hospital Universitario del Valle de Cali, Colombia (HUV) y su posible asociación con algunos factores de riesgo. Metodología: Estudio descriptivo, observacional de corte transversal, con análisis de casos y controles, a quienes se les tomaron datos como carga viral, %CD4, peso y talla. Se categorizó la carga viral (copias/ml) en: <400, ≥400-<300000, ≥30000-<1 millón y ≥1 millón; y el %CD4 en: <15%, ≥15%-<25% y ≥25%. Se consideró DNT global (déficit P/E≥10%), DNT crónica (déficit T/E≥5%), DNT aguda (déficit P/T≥10%) y sobrepeso (exceso P/T≥10%). Resultados: Fueron incluidos 111 niños entre 0 meses y 15 años de edad, con predominio del género masculino (51,3%), con modo de transmisión vertical en 91,8%. El 58.5% tenían entre ≥400-<300000 copias/ml de carga viral; y el 59% presentaron %CD4 ≥25%. La valoración nutricional evidenció DNT global en 64%, DNT aguda en 58%, DNT crónica en 22% y sobrepeso en 18%. Hubo riesgo de 1.7, 1.5 y 2.0 veces más de presentar DNT global, aguda y crónica, respectivamente, si la carga viral era ≥400 copias/ml. Conclusión: En niños con infección por VIH/SIDA por carga viral de la Clínica Pediátrica de VIH/SIDA del HUV de Cali, Colombia, la prevalencia de MNT fue superior al 18%, con una relación positiva superior a 1.5 veces entre carga viral y los diferentes tipos de DNT.

Introduction: Undernutrition (UNT) is a complication that occurs earlier in children with HIV/AIDS associated morbidity and mortality. Also as a result of anti-retroviral therapies and other drugs used, have encountered problems of insulin resistance and obesity. Objective: To determine the prevalence of malnutrition (MNT) in children diagnosed with HIV/AIDS by viral load in the Pediatric Clinic HIV/AIDS at the Hospital Universitario del Valle in Cali, Colombia (HUV) and its possible association with certain risk factors. Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study, with case-control analysis, whose data were taken as viral load, CD4%, weight and height. Were categorized viral load (copies / ml): <400, ≥ 400 - <300000, ≥ 30000 - <1 million and ≥ 1 million, and the %CD4 <15%, ≥ 15% - <25% ≥ 25%. UNT is considered global (low W/A≥10%), chronic (low H/A≥5%), acute (low W/H≥10%) and overweight (excess W/H≥10%). Results: We included 111 children from 0 months to 15 years old with male predominance (51.3%), mode of transmission in 91.8%. 58.5% were aged ≥ 400 - <300,000 copies/ml viral load, and 59% had CD4% ≥25%. Nutritional assessment showed 64% global UNT, 58% acute UNT, 22% chronic UNT and 18% overweight. Risk was 1.7, 1.5 and 2.0 times the present global, acute and chronic UNT, respectively, if the viral load was ≥ 400 copies / ml. Conclusion: In children diagnosed with HIV/AIDS by viral load of Pediatric Clinic HIV/AIDS at the HUV in Cali, Colombia, the prevalence of MNT was higher than 18%, with a positive relationship more than 1.5 times between viral load and the different types of UNT.

El niño que no progresa de peso / Failure to thrive

Entre el 8 y 10% de los niños atendidos en atención primaria, presentan una falta de progreso en el peso. El diagnóstico diferencial incluye ingesta calórica inadecuada, inadecuada absorción y metabolismo aumentado. Se reconoce a un niño que no sube de peso por su historia alimentaria, historia médica, historia social, historia familiar y evaluación del apetito. Entre las diferentes causas de falla para crecer están baja talla constitucional, abuso sexual, maltrato infantil, depresión postparto, enfermedad celíaca y esofagitis eosinofílica, entre otros. Entre los pilares en el manejo del niño que no progresa de peso están enfoque terapéutico, apoyo nutricional, hábitos dietéticos y manejo especializado.

Between 8 and 10% of children seen in primary care, have a lack of progress in weight. The differential diagnosis includes inadequate caloric intake, inadequate absorption and increased metabolism. It is recognized that a child does not gain weight by diet history, medical history, social history, family history and evaluation of appetite. Among the various causes of failure to thrive are constitutional short stature, sexual abuse, child abuse, postpartum depression, celiac disease and eosinophilic esophagitis, among others. Among the mainstays in the management of child weight are not progressing therapeutic approach, nutritional support, dietary habits and specialized management.

Anatomy of corpus callosum in prenatally malnourished rats

The effect of prenatal malnutrition on the anatomy of the corpus callosum was assessed in adult rats (45-52 days old). In the prenatally malnourished animals we observed a significant reduction of the corpus callosum total area, partial areas, and perimeter, as compared with normal animals. In addition, the splenium of corpus callosum (posterior fifth) showed a significant decrease of fiber diameters in the myelinated fibers without changing density. There was also a significant decrease in diameter and a significant increase in density of unmyelinated fibers. Measurements of perimeter's fractal dimensions from sagittal sections of the brain and corpus callosum did not show significant differences between malnourished and control animals. These findings indicate that cortico-cortical connections are vulnerable to the prenatal malnutrition, and suggest this may affect interhemispheric conduction velocity, particulary in visual connections (splenium).

Manson's schistosomiasis in the undernourished mouse: some recent findings

This paper deals with current knowledge of the interrelationships between Schistosoma infection and malnutrition. It emphasizes the relevance of these investigations in the face of dynamic and evolving changes occurring in population diets and changes in the epidemiological patterns of schistosomiasis in endemic countries. The paper further discusses the basis for continuing the studies on this subject and the reasons why it represents a misunderstood association. This review also focuses on the cellular and humoral immune responses in the undernourished mouse model infected with Schistosoma mansoni, with updated information on the immune response in wild-type and iNOS knockout mice concerning soluble egg antigen specific antibodies and kinetics of IFN-ã, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 cytokines, in the chronic phase of Manson's schistosomiasis. There is indication that schistosome-infected undernourished mice are able to develop a humoral immune response, but antibody titres are much lower than in the control animals. Cytokine production (IFN-ã, IL-4, IL-10) is lower in the undernourished mice, but as infection progresses to the chronic phase its kinetics run an antagonistic course when compared to that of well-nourished animals. Marked variation in the secretion of IL-13 (a fibrogenic cytokine) could explain why undernourished mice do not develop liver "pipe-stem" fibrosis described in previous papers on well-nourished animals.

Epidemiología de la osteoporosis en una población masculina / Epidemiology of osteoporosis in a male population

La prevalencia de osteoporosis en hombres se estima en 7% en blancos, 5% en negros y 3% en hispanos. El envejecimiento incrementará el diagnóstico cerca del 50% en los pró-ximos 15 años. Conocer la frecuencia de la osteoporosis masculina en una población que asiste al Hospital General del Oeste, “Dr. José Gregorio Hernández” de Caracas, Venezuela. Se diseñó un estudio de casos, descriptivo, observacional y transversal de 49 hombres con edad entre 40 y 70 años, de la consulta externa u hospitalización del Hospital General del Oeste y reclutados entre enero y junio del 2009. Se excluyeron los pacientes con fractura de fémur o columna o bajo tratamiento para la osteoporosis. Se dividieron en dos grupos: 1) Con factores de riesgo (Desnutrición, uso de glucocorticoides u hormona tiroidea, sedentarismo y/o encamamiento, Hepatopatía, diabetes mellitus), 2) Sin factores de riesgo. El análisis estadístico se realizó a través de estadística descriptiva y la comparación entre grupos por el método de chi cuadrado, modificado para el tamaño de la muestra. La edad promedio del grupo total fue 57,73 años, con una DS: ±2,56, el grupo con osteopenia tuvo un promedio de edad de 57,04 años; y DS: ±2,345 y el grupo con osteoporosis 61,16 años, DS: ±1,67; el 42% tuvo osteopenia y el 24% osteoporosis. Se encontró osteopenia de fémur en 54,5% y en columna lumbar en 63,6%; la osteoporosis fue de 27,3% vs 24,3% respectivamente. Los estados comórbidos importantes fueron: hipertensión arterial 28,6%, diabetes mellitus 22,4%, desnutrición en 10% y cardiopatías 10%, no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los grupos. Sólo el 14,3% estaba sano. Los factores de riesgo más importantes fueron uso de esteroides 11%, desnutrición en 18,5%, hepatopatía alcohólica 29,6%, diabetes mellitus 40,8%. Se demostró osteoporosis y/o osteopenia en el 66% de los pacientes, utilizando la densitometría ósea como método diagnóstico

The prevalence of osteoporosis in men is estimated in 7% for caucasian, 5% black and 3% in hispanics. Aging will increment this diagnosis in approximately 50% in the next 15 years. To determine the frequency of osteoporosis in a sample of male patients from the Hospital General del Oeste, Caracas, Venezuela. This is a descriptive, transverse and observational study of 49 men, ages 40-70 years-old, who consulted or were admitted to the hospital between january and june 2009. Patients with femur or spine fractures, as well as those who were being treated with alendronates were excluded. The sample was distributed in 2 groups: 1) Patients with the following risk factors for osteoporosis: malnutrition, treatment with glucocorticoids or Levothyroxin, bed-ridden or sedentary, liver disese and Diabetes Mellitus. Group 2: no risk factors for osteoporosis. Statistical methods applied were descriptive and intergroup comparison was calculated by T ìs Student. The average age was 57,73 years, SD ±2,56 years. The group with osteopenia had an average age of 57,04 and SD ±2,345, while the group with osteoporosis had an average age of 61,16 years, SD: ±1,67; Osteopenia was present in 42% and osteoporosis in 24%. Femur Osteopenia was found in 54,5% and in lumbar spine in 63,6%. Osteoporosis was present in 27,3 vs 24,3% respectively. The following major associated illnesses were present: hypertension 28,6%, DM 22,4%, malnutrition 10% and heart disease 10%. Only 14,3% of the subjects was healthy. Major risk factors for osteoporosis were steroid treatment 11%, malnutrition in 18,5%, alcohol liver disease 29,6% and DM 40,8%. Osteoporosis and/or osteopenia diagnosed by DEXA were found in 66% of these patients

Desnutrición Hospitalaria / Nosocomial Malnutrition

Hospitalary malnutrition is a highly prevalent entity. Hospitalized patients with severe malnutrition usually show a high morbimortality. Many severe malnutritions inside the hospital could be avoided. The adequate and early nutritional support can mitigate or even spare a severe malnutrition. The introduction of a nutritions support team management in a community hospital is a favorable cost/beneficial resource. Also the possibility of a domiciliary nutritional support, should be a feasibe practice in a high complexity hospital. Still remains as an ethical dilemma to determine when a patient should be considered as terminal and when the nutritional support - even with low complexity and low costis a trifling therapeutics.

Avaliação nutricional de lactentes e pré-escolares hospitalizados no Hospital Universitário Polydoro Ernani de São Thiago em 1995 e 2005 / Nutritional evaluation of hospitalized suckling and preschool children in the University Hospital Polydoro Ernani of São Thiago in 1995 and 2005

Objetivos: Avaliar o estado nutricional de crianças menores de cinco anos internadas na enfermaria Pediátricado Hospital Universitário Polydoro Ernani de São Thiago, em Florianópolis, em 1995 e 2005 e a evolução do estado nutricional durante a internação. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo, observacional e descritivo com 216 crianças que estiveram internadas no HU em 1995 e 2005. O estado nutricional foi determinado por meio do escore Z do peso para idade e pesopara estatura, para as crianças menores e maiores de dois anos, respectivamente. Foram considerados desnutridos graves os que apresentavam escore Z menor que–3, desnutridos moderados escore Z entre -2 e -3, eutróficos escore Z entre -2 e +2 e sobrepeso os com índicemaior que +2. Resultados: A prevalência de crianças com desnutrição grave na alta hospitalar em 1995 não se alterou, já em 2005, houve queda de 0,92 ponto percentual. Em 1995 também houve redução na prevalência de eutrofiade 75,93% para 72,22% e de sobrepeso de 4,63% para 3,70%. Em 2005, apesar das crianças apresentaremperda ponderal durante a hospitalização não houve redução na prevalência de eutrofia e de sobrepeso. Conclusões: A prevalência de desnutrição grave emoderada foi maior no ano de 1995. As crianças consideradas eutróficas prevaleceram em 2005. A prevalênciade sobrepeso na admissão foi a mesma nos dois anos. A desnutrição hospitalar continua sendo um importante problema clínico, entretanto pode-se observar uma melhora do estado nutricional das crianças internadas entre 1995 e 2005.

Objective: To evaluate the nutritional state of interned five year lesser children in the Unit of Pediatricsof the University hospital Polydoro Ernani of São Thiago, in Florianópolis, in 1995 and 2005 and evolution of the nutritional state during the internment.Method: Retrospective, observacional and descriptive study with 216 children who had been interned in the HU in 1995 and 2005. The nutricional state was determined through it Z-score of the weight for age and weight for stature, for the lesser and bigger children of two years, respectively. They had been considered unfed serious the ones that presented Z-score lesser that -3, unfed moderate Z-score between -2 and -3, eutrophic Z-score between -2 and +2 and overweight with bigger index that +2. Results: The prevalence of children with serious malnutrition in the high hospital in 1995 did not changed, already in 2005, had reduced of 0,92 percentile point. In 1995 also had reduction in the prevalence of eutrofia of 75,93% for 72,22% and overweight of 4,63% for 3,70%. In 2005, although the children to present ponderal loss during hospitalization did not have reduction in the prevalenceof eutrofia and overweight. Conclusions: The prevalence of serious and moderatemalnutrition was bigger in the year of 1995. The children considered euthrofics had prevailed in 2005. Theprevalence of overweight in the admission was the same one in the two years. The hospital malnutrition continues being an important clinical problem, however an improvementof the nutricional state of the children interned between 1995 and 2005 can be observed.

Programação neonatal do perfil lipídico em ratos e ovelhas / Neonatal programming to lipids profile in rats and sheeps

A nutrição na lactação é um importante fator de impressão para futuras alterações hormonais e metabólicas no desenvolvimento, que vai regular a composição corporal, a homeostase glicêmica e o perfil hormonal dos animais, caracterizando o processo de programação. Nesta etapa crítica da vida, a desnutrição ou o excesso de nutrientes modificam a secreção e ação de vários hormônios, especialmente a prolactina, leptina e hormônios tireóideos. Apesar dos diversos estudos epidemiológicos mostrando que o perfil lipídico pode ser programado por alterações nutricionais na gestação e lactação, contribuindo para maior risco de doenças cardiovasculares, poucos estudos exerimentais foram realizados. Assim, avaliamos a programação do perfil lipídico em diversos modelos de impressão nutricional e hormonal em ratos e ovelhas, relacionando a programação da massa e composição corporal e homeostase glicêmica. Estudamos seis modelos de programação, a saber: a) desnutrição protéica materna na lactação (dieta com 8 porcento de proteína); b) bloqueio da prolactina no fim da lactação, com o uso de bromocriptina; c) supernutrição na lactação por redução da ninhada (3 vs. 10 filhotes); d) injeção de leptina aos filhotes (8ug/100g peso corporal/dia, nos dez primeiros dias de lactação); e) exposição materna à nicotina (6 mg/kg de massa corporal/dia) na lactação; f) desnutrição protéica e calórica materna de ovelhas na lactação. Os ratos programados pela restrição protéica materna ganham menos massa corporal, menos gordura total e visceral, apresentam menor glicemia e insulinemia e a única alteração programada no perfil lipídico foi a menor concentração sérica de colesterol total (16 porcento). Os ratos cuja prolactina materna foi bloqueada ganharam mais massa corporal, maior gordura total e visceral, apresentaram maior índice de resistência à insulina e menor adiponectinemia, que se refletiu em um perfil lipídico bastante alterado, com elevação do colesterol total (30 porcento)...

Nutritional status on lactation is an important imprinting factor for future hormonal and metabolic changes during development, regulating body composition, glucose homeostasis and hormonal profile in animals, characterizing the programming effect. In this critical period of life, malnutrition or overnutrition changes the secretion and action of several hormones, such as prolactin, leptin and thyroid hormones. Although several epidemiologic studies confirm the programming effect upon the lipids profile in humans, caused by nutritional imprinting during gestation of lactation that can contribute to a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases, few experimental data was reported. Thus, our main objective was to study the lipid profile in several models of nutritional and hormonal imprinting in rats and ovine, related to the programming of body mass and composition and glucose homeostasis. We studied 6 models of programming: a) maternal protein malnutrition (8 percent protein); b) prolactin blockade at the end of lactation by bromocriptine c) early overnutrition on lactation by litter size reduction (3 vs. 10 pups); d) leptin injection to the pups (8 ug/100g body weight/day, for the first 10 days of lactation); e) maternal nicotine administration (6mg/Kg body mass/day) during lactation; f) ewes maternal protein (8 percent) or energie (60 percent) restriction during lactation. The programmed offspring whose mother were protein-restricted during lactation gain less body mass, and when they were 180 days-old, showed lower total and visceral fat mass, lower serum glucose and insulin and lower total cholesterol (-16 percent). The prolactin blockadge programmed for higher body mass, total and visceral fat mass, higher insulin resistance index and lower serum adiponectin, these effects were associated to several changes in the lipid profile, such as higher total cholesterol (30 percent), LDL-c (1,5X), VDLc (46 percent), triglycerides (49 percent) and lower HDLc...

Estado nutricional de pacientes renais crônicos em hemodiálise / Nutritional status of patients on hemodialysis / Estado nutricional de los pacientes en hemodiálisis

A insuficiência renal crônica apresenta alterações metabólicas e nutricionais, estando a desnutrição associada ao aumento da morbimortalidade. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o estado nutricional de pacientes renais crônicos em hemodiálise. Foram selecionados 83 de ambos os sexos, numa faixa etária entre 18 e 90 anos, com um tempo médio de diálise de 120 meses, assistidos na Clínica Nefrológica do Hospital Casa Mater, Teresina - PI. Para avaliação da composição corporal, foram utilizados IMC, prega cutânea triciptal, circunferência do braço e circunferência muscular do braço. A avaliação das dietas foi feita utilizando um recordatório de 24h e a análise por meio de um software. Para determinação do estado nutricional dos pacientes, foram utilizados parâmetros antropométricos e bioquímicos (albumina sérica, hematócrito, hemoglobina, uréia e creatinina urinária). Os valores médios encontrados para o IMC foram de 22,52 +- 3,62 kg/m². O consumo médio de energia e proteína foi de 30,0 +- 12,3 Kcal/Kg/dia e 1,3 g/Kg/dia, respectivamente. O valor médio da albumina foi de 4,5 +-0,9g/dL. A concentração de creatinina na urina dos pacientes do sexo masculino e feminino foi de 8,6 +- 2,6mg/dL e 8,9 +-1,8mg/dL, respectivamente. Os valores médios do hematócrito e hemoglobina foram de 29,9% +- 5,9 e 10,1 +- 2,0g/dL para os homens e 30,8% +- 4,8 e 10,4 +- 1,5g/dL para as mulheres, respectivamente. Concluindo, os pacientes apresentaram alteração do estado nutricional, indicando a necessidade de verificar a terapia nutricional na sua qualidade de vida.

Chronic renal failure presents nutritional and metabolic disorders, malnutrition and is associated with increased mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status of patients on hemodialysis. We selected 83 of both sexes, an age range between 18 and 90 years with a mean time of dialysis was 120 months, assisted at the Hospital Clinic Nephrological House Mater, Teresina - PI. To assess body composition, we used BMI, triceps skinfold, arm circumference and arm muscle circumference. The evaluation of the diets was made using a 24-hour recall and analysis by means of a software. To determine the nutritional status of patients, we used anthropometric and biochemical parameters (serum albumin, hematocrit, hemoglobin, urea and urinary creatinine). The average values for BMI were 22.52 +- 3.62 kg/m². The average consumption of energy and protein was 30.0 +- 12.3 kcal/kg/day and 1.3 g/kg/day, respectively. The mean albumin was 4.5 +- 0.9 g/dL. The concentration of creatinine in the urine of males and females was 8.6 +- 2.6 mg/dL and 8.9 +-1.8 mg/dL, respectively. Mean values of hematocrit and hemoglobin were 29.9% +- 5.9 and 10.1 +- 2.0 g/dL for men and 30.8% +- 4.8 and 10.4 +- 1,5 g/dl for women, respectively. In conclusion, the patients showed alterations of nutritional status, indicating the need to check the nutritional quality of their lives.

La insuficiencia renal crónica presenta desnutrición de nutrición y trastornos metabólicos, y se asocia con una mayor mortalidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el estado nutricional de los pacientes en hemodiálisis. Se seleccionaron 83 de ambos sexos, un rango de edad entre 18 y 90 años con un tiempo medio de diálisis fue de 120 meses, atendidos en el Hospital Clínico nefrológica Casa Mater, Teresina - PI. Para evaluar la composición corporal, se utilizó el IMC, el pliegue del tríceps, circunferencia del brazo y circunferencia muscular del brazo. La evaluación de las dietas se realizó mediante un recordatorio de 24 horas y el análisis por medio de un software. Para determinar el estado nutricional de los pacientes, utilizando parámetros antropométricos y bioquímicos (albúmina sérica, hematocrito, hemoglobina, urea y creatinina en orina). Los valores promedio de IMC 22,52 +- 3,62 kg/m². El consumo promedio de energía y proteína fue 30,0 +- 12,3 kcal/kg/día y 1,3 g/kg/día, respectivamente. La albúmina media fue de 4,5 +- 0,9 g/dl. La concentración de creatinina en la orina de los machos y las hembras fue de 8,6 +- 2,6 mg/dl y 8,9 +-1,8 mg/dL, respectivamente. Los valores medios de hematócrito y hemoglobina fueron 29,9% +- 5,9 y 10,1 +- 2,0 g/dl para los hombres y el 30,8% +- 4.8 y 10.4 +- 1,5 g/dl en mujeres, respectivamente. En conclusión, los pacientes presentaron alteraciones del estado nutricional, lo que indica la necesidad de comprobar la calidad nutricional de sus vidas.